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				https://git.zaroz.cloud/nintendo-back-up/yuzu/yuzu-mainline.git
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	Loader/NCCH: Add support for loading application updates (#2927)
* loader/ncch: split NCCH parsing into its own file * loader/ncch: add support for loading update NCCHs from the SD card * loader/ncch: fix formatting * file_sys/ncch_container: Return a value for OpenFile * loader/ncch: cleanup, always instantiate overlay_ncch to base_ncch * file_sys/ncch_container: better encryption checks, allow non-app NCCHs to load properly and for the existence of NCCH structures to be checked * file_sys/ncch_container: pass filepath as a const reference
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				@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ set(SRCS
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            file_sys/archive_systemsavedata.cpp
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            file_sys/disk_archive.cpp
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            file_sys/ivfc_archive.cpp
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            file_sys/ncch_container.cpp
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            file_sys/path_parser.cpp
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            file_sys/savedata_archive.cpp
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            frontend/camera/blank_camera.cpp
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@ -102,8 +102,7 @@ public:
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        switch (static_cast<SelfNCCHFilePathType>(file_path.type)) {
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        case SelfNCCHFilePathType::UpdateRomFS:
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            LOG_WARNING(Service_FS, "(STUBBED) open update RomFS");
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            return OpenRomFS();
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            return OpenUpdateRomFS();
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        case SelfNCCHFilePathType::RomFS:
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            return OpenRomFS();
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@ -179,6 +178,17 @@ private:
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        }
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    }
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    ResultVal<std::unique_ptr<FileBackend>> OpenUpdateRomFS() const {
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        if (ncch_data.update_romfs_file) {
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            return MakeResult<std::unique_ptr<FileBackend>>(std::make_unique<IVFCFile>(
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                ncch_data.update_romfs_file, ncch_data.update_romfs_offset,
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                ncch_data.update_romfs_size));
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        } else {
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            LOG_INFO(Service_FS, "Unable to read update RomFS");
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            return ERROR_ROMFS_NOT_FOUND;
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        }
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    }
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    ResultVal<std::unique_ptr<FileBackend>> OpenExeFS(const std::string& filename) const {
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        if (filename == "icon") {
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            if (ncch_data.icon) {
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@ -218,11 +228,19 @@ private:
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};
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ArchiveFactory_SelfNCCH::ArchiveFactory_SelfNCCH(Loader::AppLoader& app_loader) {
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    std::shared_ptr<FileUtil::IOFile> romfs_file_;
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    std::shared_ptr<FileUtil::IOFile> romfs_file;
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    if (Loader::ResultStatus::Success ==
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        app_loader.ReadRomFS(romfs_file_, ncch_data.romfs_offset, ncch_data.romfs_size)) {
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        app_loader.ReadRomFS(romfs_file, ncch_data.romfs_offset, ncch_data.romfs_size)) {
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        ncch_data.romfs_file = std::move(romfs_file_);
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        ncch_data.romfs_file = std::move(romfs_file);
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    }
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    std::shared_ptr<FileUtil::IOFile> update_romfs_file;
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    if (Loader::ResultStatus::Success ==
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        app_loader.ReadUpdateRomFS(update_romfs_file, ncch_data.update_romfs_offset,
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                                   ncch_data.update_romfs_size)) {
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        ncch_data.update_romfs_file = std::move(update_romfs_file);
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    }
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    std::vector<u8> buffer;
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@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ struct NCCHData {
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    std::shared_ptr<FileUtil::IOFile> romfs_file;
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    u64 romfs_offset = 0;
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    u64 romfs_size = 0;
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    std::shared_ptr<FileUtil::IOFile> update_romfs_file;
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    u64 update_romfs_offset = 0;
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    u64 update_romfs_size = 0;
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};
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/// File system interface to the SelfNCCH archive
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										316
									
								
								src/core/file_sys/ncch_container.cpp
									
									
									
									
									
										Normal file
									
								
							
							
						
						
									
										316
									
								
								src/core/file_sys/ncch_container.cpp
									
									
									
									
									
										Normal file
									
								
							@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
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// Copyright 2017 Citra Emulator Project
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// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
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// Refer to the license.txt file included.
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#include <cinttypes>
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#include <cstring>
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#include <memory>
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#include "common/common_types.h"
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#include "common/logging/log.h"
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#include "core/core.h"
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#include "core/file_sys/ncch_container.h"
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#include "core/loader/loader.h"
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////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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// FileSys namespace
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namespace FileSys {
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static const int kMaxSections = 8;   ///< Maximum number of sections (files) in an ExeFs
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static const int kBlockSize = 0x200; ///< Size of ExeFS blocks (in bytes)
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/**
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 * Get the decompressed size of an LZSS compressed ExeFS file
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 * @param buffer Buffer of compressed file
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 * @param size Size of compressed buffer
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 * @return Size of decompressed buffer
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 */
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static u32 LZSS_GetDecompressedSize(const u8* buffer, u32 size) {
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    u32 offset_size = *(u32*)(buffer + size - 4);
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    return offset_size + size;
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}
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/**
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 * Decompress ExeFS file (compressed with LZSS)
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 * @param compressed Compressed buffer
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 * @param compressed_size Size of compressed buffer
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 * @param decompressed Decompressed buffer
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 * @param decompressed_size Size of decompressed buffer
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 * @return True on success, otherwise false
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 */
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static bool LZSS_Decompress(const u8* compressed, u32 compressed_size, u8* decompressed,
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                            u32 decompressed_size) {
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    const u8* footer = compressed + compressed_size - 8;
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    u32 buffer_top_and_bottom = *reinterpret_cast<const u32*>(footer);
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    u32 out = decompressed_size;
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    u32 index = compressed_size - ((buffer_top_and_bottom >> 24) & 0xFF);
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    u32 stop_index = compressed_size - (buffer_top_and_bottom & 0xFFFFFF);
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    memset(decompressed, 0, decompressed_size);
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    memcpy(decompressed, compressed, compressed_size);
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    while (index > stop_index) {
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        u8 control = compressed[--index];
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        for (unsigned i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
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            if (index <= stop_index)
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                break;
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            if (index <= 0)
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                break;
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            if (out <= 0)
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                break;
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            if (control & 0x80) {
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                // Check if compression is out of bounds
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                if (index < 2)
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                    return false;
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                index -= 2;
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                u32 segment_offset = compressed[index] | (compressed[index + 1] << 8);
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                u32 segment_size = ((segment_offset >> 12) & 15) + 3;
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                segment_offset &= 0x0FFF;
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                segment_offset += 2;
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                // Check if compression is out of bounds
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                if (out < segment_size)
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                    return false;
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                for (unsigned j = 0; j < segment_size; j++) {
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                    // Check if compression is out of bounds
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                    if (out + segment_offset >= decompressed_size)
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                        return false;
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                    u8 data = decompressed[out + segment_offset];
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                    decompressed[--out] = data;
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                }
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            } else {
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                // Check if compression is out of bounds
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                if (out < 1)
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                    return false;
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                decompressed[--out] = compressed[--index];
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            }
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            control <<= 1;
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        }
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    }
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    return true;
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}
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NCCHContainer::NCCHContainer(const std::string& filepath) : filepath(filepath) {
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    file = FileUtil::IOFile(filepath, "rb");
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}
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Loader::ResultStatus NCCHContainer::OpenFile(const std::string& filepath) {
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    this->filepath = filepath;
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    file = FileUtil::IOFile(filepath, "rb");
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    if (!file.IsOpen()) {
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        LOG_WARNING(Service_FS, "Failed to open %s", filepath.c_str());
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        return Loader::ResultStatus::Error;
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    }
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    LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "Opened %s", filepath.c_str());
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    return Loader::ResultStatus::Success;
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}
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Loader::ResultStatus NCCHContainer::Load() {
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    if (is_loaded)
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        return Loader::ResultStatus::Success;
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    // Reset read pointer in case this file has been read before.
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    file.Seek(0, SEEK_SET);
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    if (file.ReadBytes(&ncch_header, sizeof(NCCH_Header)) != sizeof(NCCH_Header))
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        return Loader::ResultStatus::Error;
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    // Skip NCSD header and load first NCCH (NCSD is just a container of NCCH files)...
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    if (Loader::MakeMagic('N', 'C', 'S', 'D') == ncch_header.magic) {
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        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "Only loading the first (bootable) NCCH within the NCSD file!");
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        ncch_offset = 0x4000;
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        file.Seek(ncch_offset, SEEK_SET);
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        file.ReadBytes(&ncch_header, sizeof(NCCH_Header));
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    }
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    // Verify we are loading the correct file type...
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    if (Loader::MakeMagic('N', 'C', 'C', 'H') != ncch_header.magic)
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        return Loader::ResultStatus::ErrorInvalidFormat;
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    // System archives and DLC don't have an extended header but have RomFS
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    if (ncch_header.extended_header_size) {
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        if (file.ReadBytes(&exheader_header, sizeof(ExHeader_Header)) != sizeof(ExHeader_Header))
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            return Loader::ResultStatus::Error;
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        is_compressed = (exheader_header.codeset_info.flags.flag & 1) == 1;
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        u32 entry_point = exheader_header.codeset_info.text.address;
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        u32 code_size = exheader_header.codeset_info.text.code_size;
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        u32 stack_size = exheader_header.codeset_info.stack_size;
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        u32 bss_size = exheader_header.codeset_info.bss_size;
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        u32 core_version = exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.core_version;
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        u8 priority = exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.priority;
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        u8 resource_limit_category =
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            exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.resource_limit_category;
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        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "Name:                        %s", exheader_header.codeset_info.name);
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        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "Program ID:                  %016" PRIX64, ncch_header.program_id);
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        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "Code compressed:             %s", is_compressed ? "yes" : "no");
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        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "Entry point:                 0x%08X", entry_point);
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        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "Code size:                   0x%08X", code_size);
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        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "Stack size:                  0x%08X", stack_size);
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        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "Bss size:                    0x%08X", bss_size);
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        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "Core version:                %d", core_version);
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        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "Thread priority:             0x%X", priority);
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        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "Resource limit category:     %d", resource_limit_category);
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        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "System Mode:                 %d",
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                  static_cast<int>(exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.system_mode));
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        if (exheader_header.system_info.jump_id != ncch_header.program_id) {
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            LOG_ERROR(Service_FS, "ExHeader Program ID mismatch: the ROM is probably encrypted.");
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            return Loader::ResultStatus::ErrorEncrypted;
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        }
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        has_exheader = true;
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    }
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    // DLC can have an ExeFS and a RomFS but no extended header
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    if (ncch_header.exefs_size) {
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        exefs_offset = ncch_header.exefs_offset * kBlockSize;
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        u32 exefs_size = ncch_header.exefs_size * kBlockSize;
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        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "ExeFS offset:                0x%08X", exefs_offset);
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        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "ExeFS size:                  0x%08X", exefs_size);
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        file.Seek(exefs_offset + ncch_offset, SEEK_SET);
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        if (file.ReadBytes(&exefs_header, sizeof(ExeFs_Header)) != sizeof(ExeFs_Header))
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            return Loader::ResultStatus::Error;
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        has_exefs = true;
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    }
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    if (ncch_header.romfs_offset != 0 && ncch_header.romfs_size != 0)
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        has_romfs = true;
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    is_loaded = true;
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    return Loader::ResultStatus::Success;
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}
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Loader::ResultStatus NCCHContainer::LoadSectionExeFS(const char* name, std::vector<u8>& buffer) {
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    if (!file.IsOpen())
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        return Loader::ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
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 | 
			
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    Loader::ResultStatus result = Load();
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    if (result != Loader::ResultStatus::Success)
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        return result;
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    if (!has_exefs)
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        return Loader::ResultStatus::ErrorNotUsed;
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    LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "%d sections:", kMaxSections);
 | 
			
		||||
    // Iterate through the ExeFs archive until we find a section with the specified name...
 | 
			
		||||
    for (unsigned section_number = 0; section_number < kMaxSections; section_number++) {
 | 
			
		||||
        const auto& section = exefs_header.section[section_number];
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 | 
			
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        // Load the specified section...
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        if (strcmp(section.name, name) == 0) {
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            LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "%d - offset: 0x%08X, size: 0x%08X, name: %s", section_number,
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                      section.offset, section.size, section.name);
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            s64 section_offset =
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		||||
                (section.offset + exefs_offset + sizeof(ExeFs_Header) + ncch_offset);
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		||||
            file.Seek(section_offset, SEEK_SET);
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 | 
			
		||||
            if (strcmp(section.name, ".code") == 0 && is_compressed) {
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		||||
                // Section is compressed, read compressed .code section...
 | 
			
		||||
                std::unique_ptr<u8[]> temp_buffer;
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		||||
                try {
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		||||
                    temp_buffer.reset(new u8[section.size]);
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		||||
                } catch (std::bad_alloc&) {
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		||||
                    return Loader::ResultStatus::ErrorMemoryAllocationFailed;
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		||||
                }
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		||||
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		||||
                if (file.ReadBytes(&temp_buffer[0], section.size) != section.size)
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		||||
                    return Loader::ResultStatus::Error;
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		||||
                // Decompress .code section...
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		||||
                u32 decompressed_size = LZSS_GetDecompressedSize(&temp_buffer[0], section.size);
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                buffer.resize(decompressed_size);
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                if (!LZSS_Decompress(&temp_buffer[0], section.size, &buffer[0], decompressed_size))
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                    return Loader::ResultStatus::ErrorInvalidFormat;
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		||||
            } else {
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                // Section is uncompressed...
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		||||
                buffer.resize(section.size);
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                if (file.ReadBytes(&buffer[0], section.size) != section.size)
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		||||
                    return Loader::ResultStatus::Error;
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            }
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		||||
            return Loader::ResultStatus::Success;
 | 
			
		||||
        }
 | 
			
		||||
    }
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		||||
    return Loader::ResultStatus::ErrorNotUsed;
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		||||
}
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Loader::ResultStatus NCCHContainer::ReadRomFS(std::shared_ptr<FileUtil::IOFile>& romfs_file,
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		||||
                                              u64& offset, u64& size) {
 | 
			
		||||
    if (!file.IsOpen())
 | 
			
		||||
        return Loader::ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    Loader::ResultStatus result = Load();
 | 
			
		||||
    if (result != Loader::ResultStatus::Success)
 | 
			
		||||
        return result;
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		||||
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		||||
    if (!has_romfs) {
 | 
			
		||||
        LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "RomFS requested from NCCH which has no RomFS");
 | 
			
		||||
        return Loader::ResultStatus::ErrorNotUsed;
 | 
			
		||||
    }
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 romfs_offset = ncch_offset + (ncch_header.romfs_offset * kBlockSize) + 0x1000;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 romfs_size = (ncch_header.romfs_size * kBlockSize) - 0x1000;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "RomFS offset:           0x%08X", romfs_offset);
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Service_FS, "RomFS size:             0x%08X", romfs_size);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    if (file.GetSize() < romfs_offset + romfs_size)
 | 
			
		||||
        return Loader::ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    // We reopen the file, to allow its position to be independent from file's
 | 
			
		||||
    romfs_file = std::make_shared<FileUtil::IOFile>(filepath, "rb");
 | 
			
		||||
    if (!romfs_file->IsOpen())
 | 
			
		||||
        return Loader::ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    offset = romfs_offset;
 | 
			
		||||
    size = romfs_size;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    return Loader::ResultStatus::Success;
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
Loader::ResultStatus NCCHContainer::ReadProgramId(u64_le& program_id) {
 | 
			
		||||
    Loader::ResultStatus result = Load();
 | 
			
		||||
    if (result != Loader::ResultStatus::Success)
 | 
			
		||||
        return result;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    program_id = ncch_header.program_id;
 | 
			
		||||
    return Loader::ResultStatus::Success;
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
bool NCCHContainer::HasExeFS() {
 | 
			
		||||
    Loader::ResultStatus result = Load();
 | 
			
		||||
    if (result != Loader::ResultStatus::Success)
 | 
			
		||||
        return false;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    return has_exefs;
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
bool NCCHContainer::HasRomFS() {
 | 
			
		||||
    Loader::ResultStatus result = Load();
 | 
			
		||||
    if (result != Loader::ResultStatus::Success)
 | 
			
		||||
        return false;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    return has_romfs;
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
bool NCCHContainer::HasExHeader() {
 | 
			
		||||
    Loader::ResultStatus result = Load();
 | 
			
		||||
    if (result != Loader::ResultStatus::Success)
 | 
			
		||||
        return false;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    return has_exheader;
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
} // namespace FileSys
 | 
			
		||||
							
								
								
									
										244
									
								
								src/core/file_sys/ncch_container.h
									
									
									
									
									
										Normal file
									
								
							
							
						
						
									
										244
									
								
								src/core/file_sys/ncch_container.h
									
									
									
									
									
										Normal file
									
								
							@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
 | 
			
		||||
// Copyright 2017 Citra Emulator Project
 | 
			
		||||
// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
 | 
			
		||||
// Refer to the license.txt file included.
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
#pragma once
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
#include <cstddef>
 | 
			
		||||
#include <memory>
 | 
			
		||||
#include <string>
 | 
			
		||||
#include <vector>
 | 
			
		||||
#include "common/bit_field.h"
 | 
			
		||||
#include "common/common_types.h"
 | 
			
		||||
#include "common/file_util.h"
 | 
			
		||||
#include "common/swap.h"
 | 
			
		||||
#include "core/core.h"
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 | 
			
		||||
/// NCCH header (Note: "NCCH" appears to be a publicly unknown acronym)
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct NCCH_Header {
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 signature[0x100];
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le magic;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le content_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 partition_id[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u16_le maker_code;
 | 
			
		||||
    u16_le version;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved_0[4];
 | 
			
		||||
    u64_le program_id;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved_1[0x10];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 logo_region_hash[0x20];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 product_code[0x10];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 extended_header_hash[0x20];
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le extended_header_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved_2[4];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 flags[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le plain_region_offset;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le plain_region_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le logo_region_offset;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le logo_region_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le exefs_offset;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le exefs_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le exefs_hash_region_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved_3[4];
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le romfs_offset;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le romfs_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le romfs_hash_region_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved_4[4];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 exefs_super_block_hash[0x20];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 romfs_super_block_hash[0x20];
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
static_assert(sizeof(NCCH_Header) == 0x200, "NCCH header structure size is wrong");
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 | 
			
		||||
// ExeFS (executable file system) headers
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExeFs_SectionHeader {
 | 
			
		||||
    char name[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 offset;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 size;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExeFs_Header {
 | 
			
		||||
    ExeFs_SectionHeader section[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved[0x80];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 hashes[8][0x20];
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 | 
			
		||||
// ExHeader (executable file system header) headers
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_SystemInfoFlags {
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved[5];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 flag;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 remaster_version[2];
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_CodeSegmentInfo {
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 address;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 num_max_pages;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 code_size;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_CodeSetInfo {
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 name[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_SystemInfoFlags flags;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_CodeSegmentInfo text;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 stack_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_CodeSegmentInfo ro;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved[4];
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_CodeSegmentInfo data;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 bss_size;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_DependencyList {
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 program_id[0x30][8];
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_SystemInfo {
 | 
			
		||||
    u64 save_data_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u64_le jump_id;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved_2[0x30];
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_StorageInfo {
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 ext_save_data_id[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 system_save_data_id[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 access_info[7];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 other_attributes;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_ARM11_SystemLocalCaps {
 | 
			
		||||
    u64_le program_id;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le core_version;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved_flags[2];
 | 
			
		||||
    union {
 | 
			
		||||
        u8 flags0;
 | 
			
		||||
        BitField<0, 2, u8> ideal_processor;
 | 
			
		||||
        BitField<2, 2, u8> affinity_mask;
 | 
			
		||||
        BitField<4, 4, u8> system_mode;
 | 
			
		||||
    };
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 priority;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 resource_limit_descriptor[0x10][2];
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_StorageInfo storage_info;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 service_access_control[0x20][8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 ex_service_access_control[0x2][8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved[0xf];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 resource_limit_category;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_ARM11_KernelCaps {
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le descriptors[28];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved[0x10];
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_ARM9_AccessControl {
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 descriptors[15];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 descversion;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_Header {
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_CodeSetInfo codeset_info;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_DependencyList dependency_list;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_SystemInfo system_info;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_ARM11_SystemLocalCaps arm11_system_local_caps;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_ARM11_KernelCaps arm11_kernel_caps;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_ARM9_AccessControl arm9_access_control;
 | 
			
		||||
    struct {
 | 
			
		||||
        u8 signature[0x100];
 | 
			
		||||
        u8 ncch_public_key_modulus[0x100];
 | 
			
		||||
        ExHeader_ARM11_SystemLocalCaps arm11_system_local_caps;
 | 
			
		||||
        ExHeader_ARM11_KernelCaps arm11_kernel_caps;
 | 
			
		||||
        ExHeader_ARM9_AccessControl arm9_access_control;
 | 
			
		||||
    } access_desc;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
static_assert(sizeof(ExHeader_Header) == 0x800, "ExHeader structure size is wrong");
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 | 
			
		||||
// FileSys namespace
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
namespace FileSys {
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
/**
 | 
			
		||||
 * Helper which implements an interface to deal with NCCH containers which can
 | 
			
		||||
 * contain ExeFS archives or RomFS archives for games or other applications.
 | 
			
		||||
 */
 | 
			
		||||
class NCCHContainer {
 | 
			
		||||
public:
 | 
			
		||||
    NCCHContainer(const std::string& filepath);
 | 
			
		||||
    NCCHContainer() {}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    Loader::ResultStatus OpenFile(const std::string& filepath);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    /**
 | 
			
		||||
     * Ensure ExeFS and exheader is loaded and ready for reading sections
 | 
			
		||||
     * @return ResultStatus result of function
 | 
			
		||||
     */
 | 
			
		||||
    Loader::ResultStatus Load();
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    /**
 | 
			
		||||
     * Reads an application ExeFS section of an NCCH file (e.g. .code, .logo, etc.)
 | 
			
		||||
     * @param name Name of section to read out of NCCH file
 | 
			
		||||
     * @param buffer Vector to read data into
 | 
			
		||||
     * @return ResultStatus result of function
 | 
			
		||||
     */
 | 
			
		||||
    Loader::ResultStatus LoadSectionExeFS(const char* name, std::vector<u8>& buffer);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    /**
 | 
			
		||||
     * Get the RomFS of the NCCH container
 | 
			
		||||
     * Since the RomFS can be huge, we return a file reference instead of copying to a buffer
 | 
			
		||||
     * @param romfs_file The file containing the RomFS
 | 
			
		||||
     * @param offset The offset the romfs begins on
 | 
			
		||||
     * @param size The size of the romfs
 | 
			
		||||
     * @return ResultStatus result of function
 | 
			
		||||
     */
 | 
			
		||||
    Loader::ResultStatus ReadRomFS(std::shared_ptr<FileUtil::IOFile>& romfs_file, u64& offset,
 | 
			
		||||
                                   u64& size);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    /**
 | 
			
		||||
     * Get the Program ID of the NCCH container
 | 
			
		||||
     * @return ResultStatus result of function
 | 
			
		||||
     */
 | 
			
		||||
    Loader::ResultStatus ReadProgramId(u64_le& program_id);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    /**
 | 
			
		||||
     * Checks whether the NCCH container contains an ExeFS
 | 
			
		||||
     * @return bool check result
 | 
			
		||||
     */
 | 
			
		||||
    bool HasExeFS();
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    /**
 | 
			
		||||
     * Checks whether the NCCH container contains a RomFS
 | 
			
		||||
     * @return bool check result
 | 
			
		||||
     */
 | 
			
		||||
    bool HasRomFS();
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    /**
 | 
			
		||||
     * Checks whether the NCCH container contains an ExHeader
 | 
			
		||||
     * @return bool check result
 | 
			
		||||
     */
 | 
			
		||||
    bool HasExHeader();
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    NCCH_Header ncch_header;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExeFs_Header exefs_header;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_Header exheader_header;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
private:
 | 
			
		||||
    bool has_exheader = false;
 | 
			
		||||
    bool has_exefs = false;
 | 
			
		||||
    bool has_romfs = false;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    bool is_loaded = false;
 | 
			
		||||
    bool is_compressed = false;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 ncch_offset = 0; // Offset to NCCH header, can be 0 or after NCSD header
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 exefs_offset = 0;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    std::string filepath;
 | 
			
		||||
    FileUtil::IOFile file;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
} // namespace FileSys
 | 
			
		||||
@ -166,6 +166,19 @@ public:
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::ErrorNotImplemented;
 | 
			
		||||
    }
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    /**
 | 
			
		||||
     * Get the update RomFS of the application
 | 
			
		||||
     * Since the RomFS can be huge, we return a file reference instead of copying to a buffer
 | 
			
		||||
     * @param romfs_file The file containing the RomFS
 | 
			
		||||
     * @param offset The offset the romfs begins on
 | 
			
		||||
     * @param size The size of the romfs
 | 
			
		||||
     * @return ResultStatus result of function
 | 
			
		||||
     */
 | 
			
		||||
    virtual ResultStatus ReadUpdateRomFS(std::shared_ptr<FileUtil::IOFile>& romfs_file, u64& offset,
 | 
			
		||||
                                         u64& size) {
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::ErrorNotImplemented;
 | 
			
		||||
    }
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    /**
 | 
			
		||||
     * Get the title of the application
 | 
			
		||||
     * @param title Reference to store the application title into
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 | 
			
		||||
#include "common/swap.h"
 | 
			
		||||
#include "core/core.h"
 | 
			
		||||
#include "core/file_sys/archive_selfncch.h"
 | 
			
		||||
#include "core/file_sys/ncch_container.h"
 | 
			
		||||
#include "core/hle/kernel/process.h"
 | 
			
		||||
#include "core/hle/kernel/resource_limit.h"
 | 
			
		||||
#include "core/hle/service/cfg/cfg.h"
 | 
			
		||||
@ -27,87 +28,7 @@
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
namespace Loader {
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
static const int kMaxSections = 8;   ///< Maximum number of sections (files) in an ExeFs
 | 
			
		||||
static const int kBlockSize = 0x200; ///< Size of ExeFS blocks (in bytes)
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
/**
 | 
			
		||||
 * Get the decompressed size of an LZSS compressed ExeFS file
 | 
			
		||||
 * @param buffer Buffer of compressed file
 | 
			
		||||
 * @param size Size of compressed buffer
 | 
			
		||||
 * @return Size of decompressed buffer
 | 
			
		||||
 */
 | 
			
		||||
static u32 LZSS_GetDecompressedSize(const u8* buffer, u32 size) {
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 offset_size = *(u32*)(buffer + size - 4);
 | 
			
		||||
    return offset_size + size;
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
/**
 | 
			
		||||
 * Decompress ExeFS file (compressed with LZSS)
 | 
			
		||||
 * @param compressed Compressed buffer
 | 
			
		||||
 * @param compressed_size Size of compressed buffer
 | 
			
		||||
 * @param decompressed Decompressed buffer
 | 
			
		||||
 * @param decompressed_size Size of decompressed buffer
 | 
			
		||||
 * @return True on success, otherwise false
 | 
			
		||||
 */
 | 
			
		||||
static bool LZSS_Decompress(const u8* compressed, u32 compressed_size, u8* decompressed,
 | 
			
		||||
                            u32 decompressed_size) {
 | 
			
		||||
    const u8* footer = compressed + compressed_size - 8;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 buffer_top_and_bottom = *reinterpret_cast<const u32*>(footer);
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 out = decompressed_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 index = compressed_size - ((buffer_top_and_bottom >> 24) & 0xFF);
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 stop_index = compressed_size - (buffer_top_and_bottom & 0xFFFFFF);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    memset(decompressed, 0, decompressed_size);
 | 
			
		||||
    memcpy(decompressed, compressed, compressed_size);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    while (index > stop_index) {
 | 
			
		||||
        u8 control = compressed[--index];
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
 | 
			
		||||
            if (index <= stop_index)
 | 
			
		||||
                break;
 | 
			
		||||
            if (index <= 0)
 | 
			
		||||
                break;
 | 
			
		||||
            if (out <= 0)
 | 
			
		||||
                break;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
            if (control & 0x80) {
 | 
			
		||||
                // Check if compression is out of bounds
 | 
			
		||||
                if (index < 2)
 | 
			
		||||
                    return false;
 | 
			
		||||
                index -= 2;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
                u32 segment_offset = compressed[index] | (compressed[index + 1] << 8);
 | 
			
		||||
                u32 segment_size = ((segment_offset >> 12) & 15) + 3;
 | 
			
		||||
                segment_offset &= 0x0FFF;
 | 
			
		||||
                segment_offset += 2;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
                // Check if compression is out of bounds
 | 
			
		||||
                if (out < segment_size)
 | 
			
		||||
                    return false;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
                for (unsigned j = 0; j < segment_size; j++) {
 | 
			
		||||
                    // Check if compression is out of bounds
 | 
			
		||||
                    if (out + segment_offset >= decompressed_size)
 | 
			
		||||
                        return false;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
                    u8 data = decompressed[out + segment_offset];
 | 
			
		||||
                    decompressed[--out] = data;
 | 
			
		||||
                }
 | 
			
		||||
            } else {
 | 
			
		||||
                // Check if compression is out of bounds
 | 
			
		||||
                if (out < 1)
 | 
			
		||||
                    return false;
 | 
			
		||||
                decompressed[--out] = compressed[--index];
 | 
			
		||||
            }
 | 
			
		||||
            control <<= 1;
 | 
			
		||||
        }
 | 
			
		||||
    }
 | 
			
		||||
    return true;
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 | 
			
		||||
// AppLoader_NCCH class
 | 
			
		||||
static const u64 UPDATE_MASK = 0x0000000e00000000;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
FileType AppLoader_NCCH::IdentifyType(FileUtil::IOFile& file) {
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 magic;
 | 
			
		||||
@ -124,15 +45,25 @@ FileType AppLoader_NCCH::IdentifyType(FileUtil::IOFile& file) {
 | 
			
		||||
    return FileType::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
static std::string GetUpdateNCCHPath(u64_le program_id) {
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 high = static_cast<u32>((program_id | UPDATE_MASK) >> 32);
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 low = static_cast<u32>((program_id | UPDATE_MASK) & 0xFFFFFFFF);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    return Common::StringFromFormat("%sNintendo 3DS/%s/%s/title/%08x/%08x/content/00000000.app",
 | 
			
		||||
                                    FileUtil::GetUserPath(D_SDMC_IDX).c_str(), SYSTEM_ID, SDCARD_ID,
 | 
			
		||||
                                    high, low);
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
std::pair<boost::optional<u32>, ResultStatus> AppLoader_NCCH::LoadKernelSystemMode() {
 | 
			
		||||
    if (!is_loaded) {
 | 
			
		||||
        ResultStatus res = LoadExeFS();
 | 
			
		||||
        ResultStatus res = base_ncch.Load();
 | 
			
		||||
        if (res != ResultStatus::Success) {
 | 
			
		||||
            return std::make_pair(boost::none, res);
 | 
			
		||||
        }
 | 
			
		||||
    }
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    // Set the system mode as the one from the exheader.
 | 
			
		||||
    return std::make_pair(exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.system_mode.Value(),
 | 
			
		||||
    return std::make_pair(overlay_ncch->exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.system_mode.Value(),
 | 
			
		||||
                          ResultStatus::Success);
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
@ -144,29 +75,34 @@ ResultStatus AppLoader_NCCH::LoadExec() {
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::ErrorNotLoaded;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    std::vector<u8> code;
 | 
			
		||||
    if (ResultStatus::Success == ReadCode(code)) {
 | 
			
		||||
    u64_le program_id;
 | 
			
		||||
    if (ResultStatus::Success == ReadCode(code) &&
 | 
			
		||||
        ResultStatus::Success == ReadProgramId(program_id)) {
 | 
			
		||||
        std::string process_name = Common::StringFromFixedZeroTerminatedBuffer(
 | 
			
		||||
            (const char*)exheader_header.codeset_info.name, 8);
 | 
			
		||||
            (const char*)overlay_ncch->exheader_header.codeset_info.name, 8);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        SharedPtr<CodeSet> codeset = CodeSet::Create(process_name, ncch_header.program_id);
 | 
			
		||||
        SharedPtr<CodeSet> codeset = CodeSet::Create(process_name, program_id);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->code.offset = 0;
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->code.addr = exheader_header.codeset_info.text.address;
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->code.size = exheader_header.codeset_info.text.num_max_pages * Memory::PAGE_SIZE;
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->code.addr = overlay_ncch->exheader_header.codeset_info.text.address;
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->code.size =
 | 
			
		||||
            overlay_ncch->exheader_header.codeset_info.text.num_max_pages * Memory::PAGE_SIZE;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->rodata.offset = codeset->code.offset + codeset->code.size;
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->rodata.addr = exheader_header.codeset_info.ro.address;
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->rodata.size = exheader_header.codeset_info.ro.num_max_pages * Memory::PAGE_SIZE;
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->rodata.addr = overlay_ncch->exheader_header.codeset_info.ro.address;
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->rodata.size =
 | 
			
		||||
            overlay_ncch->exheader_header.codeset_info.ro.num_max_pages * Memory::PAGE_SIZE;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        // TODO(yuriks): Not sure if the bss size is added to the page-aligned .data size or just
 | 
			
		||||
        //               to the regular size. Playing it safe for now.
 | 
			
		||||
        u32 bss_page_size = (exheader_header.codeset_info.bss_size + 0xFFF) & ~0xFFF;
 | 
			
		||||
        u32 bss_page_size = (overlay_ncch->exheader_header.codeset_info.bss_size + 0xFFF) & ~0xFFF;
 | 
			
		||||
        code.resize(code.size() + bss_page_size, 0);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->data.offset = codeset->rodata.offset + codeset->rodata.size;
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->data.addr = exheader_header.codeset_info.data.address;
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->data.addr = overlay_ncch->exheader_header.codeset_info.data.address;
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->data.size =
 | 
			
		||||
            exheader_header.codeset_info.data.num_max_pages * Memory::PAGE_SIZE + bss_page_size;
 | 
			
		||||
            overlay_ncch->exheader_header.codeset_info.data.num_max_pages * Memory::PAGE_SIZE +
 | 
			
		||||
            bss_page_size;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->entrypoint = codeset->code.addr;
 | 
			
		||||
        codeset->memory = std::make_shared<std::vector<u8>>(std::move(code));
 | 
			
		||||
@ -177,150 +113,27 @@ ResultStatus AppLoader_NCCH::LoadExec() {
 | 
			
		||||
        // Attach a resource limit to the process based on the resource limit category
 | 
			
		||||
        Kernel::g_current_process->resource_limit =
 | 
			
		||||
            Kernel::ResourceLimit::GetForCategory(static_cast<Kernel::ResourceLimitCategory>(
 | 
			
		||||
                exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.resource_limit_category));
 | 
			
		||||
                overlay_ncch->exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.resource_limit_category));
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        // Set the default CPU core for this process
 | 
			
		||||
        Kernel::g_current_process->ideal_processor =
 | 
			
		||||
            exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.ideal_processor;
 | 
			
		||||
            overlay_ncch->exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.ideal_processor;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        // Copy data while converting endianness
 | 
			
		||||
        std::array<u32, ARRAY_SIZE(exheader_header.arm11_kernel_caps.descriptors)> kernel_caps;
 | 
			
		||||
        std::copy_n(exheader_header.arm11_kernel_caps.descriptors, kernel_caps.size(),
 | 
			
		||||
        std::array<u32, ARRAY_SIZE(overlay_ncch->exheader_header.arm11_kernel_caps.descriptors)>
 | 
			
		||||
            kernel_caps;
 | 
			
		||||
        std::copy_n(overlay_ncch->exheader_header.arm11_kernel_caps.descriptors, kernel_caps.size(),
 | 
			
		||||
                    begin(kernel_caps));
 | 
			
		||||
        Kernel::g_current_process->ParseKernelCaps(kernel_caps.data(), kernel_caps.size());
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        s32 priority = exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.priority;
 | 
			
		||||
        u32 stack_size = exheader_header.codeset_info.stack_size;
 | 
			
		||||
        s32 priority = overlay_ncch->exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.priority;
 | 
			
		||||
        u32 stack_size = overlay_ncch->exheader_header.codeset_info.stack_size;
 | 
			
		||||
        Kernel::g_current_process->Run(priority, stack_size);
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::Success;
 | 
			
		||||
    }
 | 
			
		||||
    return ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
ResultStatus AppLoader_NCCH::LoadSectionExeFS(const char* name, std::vector<u8>& buffer) {
 | 
			
		||||
    if (!file.IsOpen())
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    ResultStatus result = LoadExeFS();
 | 
			
		||||
    if (result != ResultStatus::Success)
 | 
			
		||||
        return result;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "%d sections:", kMaxSections);
 | 
			
		||||
    // Iterate through the ExeFs archive until we find a section with the specified name...
 | 
			
		||||
    for (unsigned section_number = 0; section_number < kMaxSections; section_number++) {
 | 
			
		||||
        const auto& section = exefs_header.section[section_number];
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        // Load the specified section...
 | 
			
		||||
        if (strcmp(section.name, name) == 0) {
 | 
			
		||||
            LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "%d - offset: 0x%08X, size: 0x%08X, name: %s", section_number,
 | 
			
		||||
                      section.offset, section.size, section.name);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
            s64 section_offset =
 | 
			
		||||
                (section.offset + exefs_offset + sizeof(ExeFs_Header) + ncch_offset);
 | 
			
		||||
            file.Seek(section_offset, SEEK_SET);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
            if (strcmp(section.name, ".code") == 0 && is_compressed) {
 | 
			
		||||
                // Section is compressed, read compressed .code section...
 | 
			
		||||
                std::unique_ptr<u8[]> temp_buffer;
 | 
			
		||||
                try {
 | 
			
		||||
                    temp_buffer.reset(new u8[section.size]);
 | 
			
		||||
                } catch (std::bad_alloc&) {
 | 
			
		||||
                    return ResultStatus::ErrorMemoryAllocationFailed;
 | 
			
		||||
                }
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
                if (file.ReadBytes(&temp_buffer[0], section.size) != section.size)
 | 
			
		||||
                    return ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
                // Decompress .code section...
 | 
			
		||||
                u32 decompressed_size = LZSS_GetDecompressedSize(&temp_buffer[0], section.size);
 | 
			
		||||
                buffer.resize(decompressed_size);
 | 
			
		||||
                if (!LZSS_Decompress(&temp_buffer[0], section.size, &buffer[0], decompressed_size))
 | 
			
		||||
                    return ResultStatus::ErrorInvalidFormat;
 | 
			
		||||
            } else {
 | 
			
		||||
                // Section is uncompressed...
 | 
			
		||||
                buffer.resize(section.size);
 | 
			
		||||
                if (file.ReadBytes(&buffer[0], section.size) != section.size)
 | 
			
		||||
                    return ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
            }
 | 
			
		||||
            return ResultStatus::Success;
 | 
			
		||||
        }
 | 
			
		||||
    }
 | 
			
		||||
    return ResultStatus::ErrorNotUsed;
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
ResultStatus AppLoader_NCCH::LoadExeFS() {
 | 
			
		||||
    if (is_exefs_loaded)
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::Success;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    if (!file.IsOpen())
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    // Reset read pointer in case this file has been read before.
 | 
			
		||||
    file.Seek(0, SEEK_SET);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    if (file.ReadBytes(&ncch_header, sizeof(NCCH_Header)) != sizeof(NCCH_Header))
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    // Skip NCSD header and load first NCCH (NCSD is just a container of NCCH files)...
 | 
			
		||||
    if (MakeMagic('N', 'C', 'S', 'D') == ncch_header.magic) {
 | 
			
		||||
        LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "Only loading the first (bootable) NCCH within the NCSD file!");
 | 
			
		||||
        ncch_offset = 0x4000;
 | 
			
		||||
        file.Seek(ncch_offset, SEEK_SET);
 | 
			
		||||
        file.ReadBytes(&ncch_header, sizeof(NCCH_Header));
 | 
			
		||||
    }
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    // Verify we are loading the correct file type...
 | 
			
		||||
    if (MakeMagic('N', 'C', 'C', 'H') != ncch_header.magic)
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::ErrorInvalidFormat;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    // Read ExHeader...
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    if (file.ReadBytes(&exheader_header, sizeof(ExHeader_Header)) != sizeof(ExHeader_Header))
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    is_compressed = (exheader_header.codeset_info.flags.flag & 1) == 1;
 | 
			
		||||
    entry_point = exheader_header.codeset_info.text.address;
 | 
			
		||||
    code_size = exheader_header.codeset_info.text.code_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    stack_size = exheader_header.codeset_info.stack_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    bss_size = exheader_header.codeset_info.bss_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    core_version = exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.core_version;
 | 
			
		||||
    priority = exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.priority;
 | 
			
		||||
    resource_limit_category = exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.resource_limit_category;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "Name:                        %s", exheader_header.codeset_info.name);
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "Program ID:                  %016" PRIX64, ncch_header.program_id);
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "Code compressed:             %s", is_compressed ? "yes" : "no");
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "Entry point:                 0x%08X", entry_point);
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "Code size:                   0x%08X", code_size);
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "Stack size:                  0x%08X", stack_size);
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "Bss size:                    0x%08X", bss_size);
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "Core version:                %d", core_version);
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "Thread priority:             0x%X", priority);
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "Resource limit category:     %d", resource_limit_category);
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "System Mode:                 %d",
 | 
			
		||||
              static_cast<int>(exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.system_mode));
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    if (exheader_header.arm11_system_local_caps.program_id != ncch_header.program_id) {
 | 
			
		||||
        LOG_ERROR(Loader, "ExHeader Program ID mismatch: the ROM is probably encrypted.");
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::ErrorEncrypted;
 | 
			
		||||
    }
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    // Read ExeFS...
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    exefs_offset = ncch_header.exefs_offset * kBlockSize;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 exefs_size = ncch_header.exefs_size * kBlockSize;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "ExeFS offset:                0x%08X", exefs_offset);
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "ExeFS size:                  0x%08X", exefs_size);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    file.Seek(exefs_offset + ncch_offset, SEEK_SET);
 | 
			
		||||
    if (file.ReadBytes(&exefs_header, sizeof(ExeFs_Header)) != sizeof(ExeFs_Header))
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    is_exefs_loaded = true;
 | 
			
		||||
    return ResultStatus::Success;
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
void AppLoader_NCCH::ParseRegionLockoutInfo() {
 | 
			
		||||
    std::vector<u8> smdh_buffer;
 | 
			
		||||
    if (ReadIcon(smdh_buffer) == ResultStatus::Success && smdh_buffer.size() >= sizeof(SMDH)) {
 | 
			
		||||
@ -339,23 +152,32 @@ void AppLoader_NCCH::ParseRegionLockoutInfo() {
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
ResultStatus AppLoader_NCCH::Load() {
 | 
			
		||||
    u64_le ncch_program_id;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    if (is_loaded)
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::ErrorAlreadyLoaded;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    ResultStatus result = LoadExeFS();
 | 
			
		||||
    ResultStatus result = base_ncch.Load();
 | 
			
		||||
    if (result != ResultStatus::Success)
 | 
			
		||||
        return result;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    std::string program_id{Common::StringFromFormat("%016" PRIX64, ncch_header.program_id)};
 | 
			
		||||
    ReadProgramId(ncch_program_id);
 | 
			
		||||
    std::string program_id{Common::StringFromFormat("%016" PRIX64, ncch_program_id)};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_INFO(Loader, "Program ID: %s", program_id.c_str());
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    update_ncch.OpenFile(GetUpdateNCCHPath(ncch_program_id));
 | 
			
		||||
    result = update_ncch.Load();
 | 
			
		||||
    if (result == ResultStatus::Success) {
 | 
			
		||||
        overlay_ncch = &update_ncch;
 | 
			
		||||
    }
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    Core::Telemetry().AddField(Telemetry::FieldType::Session, "ProgramId", program_id);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    if (auto room_member = Network::GetRoomMember().lock()) {
 | 
			
		||||
        Network::GameInfo game_info;
 | 
			
		||||
        ReadTitle(game_info.name);
 | 
			
		||||
        game_info.id = ncch_header.program_id;
 | 
			
		||||
        game_info.id = ncch_program_id;
 | 
			
		||||
        room_member->SendGameInfo(game_info);
 | 
			
		||||
    }
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
@ -374,61 +196,40 @@ ResultStatus AppLoader_NCCH::Load() {
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
ResultStatus AppLoader_NCCH::ReadCode(std::vector<u8>& buffer) {
 | 
			
		||||
    return LoadSectionExeFS(".code", buffer);
 | 
			
		||||
    return overlay_ncch->LoadSectionExeFS(".code", buffer);
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
ResultStatus AppLoader_NCCH::ReadIcon(std::vector<u8>& buffer) {
 | 
			
		||||
    return LoadSectionExeFS("icon", buffer);
 | 
			
		||||
    return overlay_ncch->LoadSectionExeFS("icon", buffer);
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
ResultStatus AppLoader_NCCH::ReadBanner(std::vector<u8>& buffer) {
 | 
			
		||||
    return LoadSectionExeFS("banner", buffer);
 | 
			
		||||
    return overlay_ncch->LoadSectionExeFS("banner", buffer);
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
ResultStatus AppLoader_NCCH::ReadLogo(std::vector<u8>& buffer) {
 | 
			
		||||
    return LoadSectionExeFS("logo", buffer);
 | 
			
		||||
    return overlay_ncch->LoadSectionExeFS("logo", buffer);
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
ResultStatus AppLoader_NCCH::ReadProgramId(u64& out_program_id) {
 | 
			
		||||
    if (!file.IsOpen())
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    ResultStatus result = LoadExeFS();
 | 
			
		||||
    ResultStatus result = base_ncch.ReadProgramId(out_program_id);
 | 
			
		||||
    if (result != ResultStatus::Success)
 | 
			
		||||
        return result;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    out_program_id = ncch_header.program_id;
 | 
			
		||||
    return ResultStatus::Success;
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
ResultStatus AppLoader_NCCH::ReadRomFS(std::shared_ptr<FileUtil::IOFile>& romfs_file, u64& offset,
 | 
			
		||||
                                       u64& size) {
 | 
			
		||||
    if (!file.IsOpen())
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
    return base_ncch.ReadRomFS(romfs_file, offset, size);
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    // Check if the NCCH has a RomFS...
 | 
			
		||||
    if (ncch_header.romfs_offset != 0 && ncch_header.romfs_size != 0) {
 | 
			
		||||
        u32 romfs_offset = ncch_offset + (ncch_header.romfs_offset * kBlockSize) + 0x1000;
 | 
			
		||||
        u32 romfs_size = (ncch_header.romfs_size * kBlockSize) - 0x1000;
 | 
			
		||||
ResultStatus AppLoader_NCCH::ReadUpdateRomFS(std::shared_ptr<FileUtil::IOFile>& romfs_file,
 | 
			
		||||
                                             u64& offset, u64& size) {
 | 
			
		||||
    ResultStatus result = update_ncch.ReadRomFS(romfs_file, offset, size);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "RomFS offset:           0x%08X", romfs_offset);
 | 
			
		||||
        LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "RomFS size:             0x%08X", romfs_size);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        if (file.GetSize() < romfs_offset + romfs_size)
 | 
			
		||||
            return ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        // We reopen the file, to allow its position to be independent from file's
 | 
			
		||||
        romfs_file = std::make_shared<FileUtil::IOFile>(filepath, "rb");
 | 
			
		||||
        if (!romfs_file->IsOpen())
 | 
			
		||||
            return ResultStatus::Error;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        offset = romfs_offset;
 | 
			
		||||
        size = romfs_size;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
        return ResultStatus::Success;
 | 
			
		||||
    }
 | 
			
		||||
    LOG_DEBUG(Loader, "NCCH has no RomFS");
 | 
			
		||||
    return ResultStatus::ErrorNotUsed;
 | 
			
		||||
    if (result != ResultStatus::Success)
 | 
			
		||||
        return base_ncch.ReadRomFS(romfs_file, offset, size);
 | 
			
		||||
}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
ResultStatus AppLoader_NCCH::ReadTitle(std::string& title) {
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
@ -5,154 +5,11 @@
 | 
			
		||||
#pragma once
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
#include <memory>
 | 
			
		||||
#include "common/bit_field.h"
 | 
			
		||||
#include "common/common_types.h"
 | 
			
		||||
#include "common/swap.h"
 | 
			
		||||
#include "core/file_sys/ncch_container.h"
 | 
			
		||||
#include "core/loader/loader.h"
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 | 
			
		||||
/// NCCH header (Note: "NCCH" appears to be a publicly unknown acronym)
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct NCCH_Header {
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 signature[0x100];
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le magic;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le content_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 partition_id[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u16_le maker_code;
 | 
			
		||||
    u16_le version;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved_0[4];
 | 
			
		||||
    u64_le program_id;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved_1[0x10];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 logo_region_hash[0x20];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 product_code[0x10];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 extended_header_hash[0x20];
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le extended_header_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved_2[4];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 flags[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le plain_region_offset;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le plain_region_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le logo_region_offset;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le logo_region_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le exefs_offset;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le exefs_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le exefs_hash_region_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved_3[4];
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le romfs_offset;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le romfs_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le romfs_hash_region_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved_4[4];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 exefs_super_block_hash[0x20];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 romfs_super_block_hash[0x20];
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
static_assert(sizeof(NCCH_Header) == 0x200, "NCCH header structure size is wrong");
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 | 
			
		||||
// ExeFS (executable file system) headers
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExeFs_SectionHeader {
 | 
			
		||||
    char name[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 offset;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 size;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExeFs_Header {
 | 
			
		||||
    ExeFs_SectionHeader section[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved[0x80];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 hashes[8][0x20];
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 | 
			
		||||
// ExHeader (executable file system header) headers
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_SystemInfoFlags {
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved[5];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 flag;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 remaster_version[2];
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_CodeSegmentInfo {
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 address;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 num_max_pages;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 code_size;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_CodeSetInfo {
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 name[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_SystemInfoFlags flags;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_CodeSegmentInfo text;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 stack_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_CodeSegmentInfo ro;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved[4];
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_CodeSegmentInfo data;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 bss_size;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_DependencyList {
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 program_id[0x30][8];
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_SystemInfo {
 | 
			
		||||
    u64 save_data_size;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 jump_id[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved_2[0x30];
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_StorageInfo {
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 ext_save_data_id[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 system_save_data_id[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved[8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 access_info[7];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 other_attributes;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_ARM11_SystemLocalCaps {
 | 
			
		||||
    u64_le program_id;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le core_version;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved_flags[2];
 | 
			
		||||
    union {
 | 
			
		||||
        u8 flags0;
 | 
			
		||||
        BitField<0, 2, u8> ideal_processor;
 | 
			
		||||
        BitField<2, 2, u8> affinity_mask;
 | 
			
		||||
        BitField<4, 4, u8> system_mode;
 | 
			
		||||
    };
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 priority;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 resource_limit_descriptor[0x10][2];
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_StorageInfo storage_info;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 service_access_control[0x20][8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 ex_service_access_control[0x2][8];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved[0xf];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 resource_limit_category;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_ARM11_KernelCaps {
 | 
			
		||||
    u32_le descriptors[28];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 reserved[0x10];
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_ARM9_AccessControl {
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 descriptors[15];
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 descversion;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
struct ExHeader_Header {
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_CodeSetInfo codeset_info;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_DependencyList dependency_list;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_SystemInfo system_info;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_ARM11_SystemLocalCaps arm11_system_local_caps;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_ARM11_KernelCaps arm11_kernel_caps;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_ARM9_AccessControl arm9_access_control;
 | 
			
		||||
    struct {
 | 
			
		||||
        u8 signature[0x100];
 | 
			
		||||
        u8 ncch_public_key_modulus[0x100];
 | 
			
		||||
        ExHeader_ARM11_SystemLocalCaps arm11_system_local_caps;
 | 
			
		||||
        ExHeader_ARM11_KernelCaps arm11_kernel_caps;
 | 
			
		||||
        ExHeader_ARM9_AccessControl arm9_access_control;
 | 
			
		||||
    } access_desc;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
static_assert(sizeof(ExHeader_Header) == 0x800, "ExHeader structure size is wrong");
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 | 
			
		||||
// Loader namespace
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
@ -162,7 +19,8 @@ namespace Loader {
 | 
			
		||||
class AppLoader_NCCH final : public AppLoader {
 | 
			
		||||
public:
 | 
			
		||||
    AppLoader_NCCH(FileUtil::IOFile&& file, const std::string& filepath)
 | 
			
		||||
        : AppLoader(std::move(file)), filepath(filepath) {}
 | 
			
		||||
        : AppLoader(std::move(file)), filepath(filepath), base_ncch(filepath),
 | 
			
		||||
          overlay_ncch(&base_ncch) {}
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    /**
 | 
			
		||||
     * Returns the type of the file
 | 
			
		||||
@ -196,48 +54,24 @@ public:
 | 
			
		||||
    ResultStatus ReadRomFS(std::shared_ptr<FileUtil::IOFile>& romfs_file, u64& offset,
 | 
			
		||||
                           u64& size) override;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    ResultStatus ReadUpdateRomFS(std::shared_ptr<FileUtil::IOFile>& romfs_file, u64& offset,
 | 
			
		||||
                                 u64& size) override;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    ResultStatus ReadTitle(std::string& title) override;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
private:
 | 
			
		||||
    /**
 | 
			
		||||
     * Reads an application ExeFS section of an NCCH file into AppLoader (e.g. .code, .logo, etc.)
 | 
			
		||||
     * @param name Name of section to read out of NCCH file
 | 
			
		||||
     * @param buffer Vector to read data into
 | 
			
		||||
     * @return ResultStatus result of function
 | 
			
		||||
     */
 | 
			
		||||
    ResultStatus LoadSectionExeFS(const char* name, std::vector<u8>& buffer);
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    /**
 | 
			
		||||
     * Loads .code section into memory for booting
 | 
			
		||||
     * @return ResultStatus result of function
 | 
			
		||||
     */
 | 
			
		||||
    ResultStatus LoadExec();
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    /**
 | 
			
		||||
     * Ensure ExeFS is loaded and ready for reading sections
 | 
			
		||||
     * @return ResultStatus result of function
 | 
			
		||||
     */
 | 
			
		||||
    ResultStatus LoadExeFS();
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    /// Reads the region lockout info in the SMDH and send it to CFG service
 | 
			
		||||
    void ParseRegionLockoutInfo();
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    bool is_exefs_loaded = false;
 | 
			
		||||
    bool is_compressed = false;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 entry_point = 0;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 code_size = 0;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 stack_size = 0;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 bss_size = 0;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 core_version = 0;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 priority = 0;
 | 
			
		||||
    u8 resource_limit_category = 0;
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 ncch_offset = 0; // Offset to NCCH header, can be 0 or after NCSD header
 | 
			
		||||
    u32 exefs_offset = 0;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    NCCH_Header ncch_header;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExeFs_Header exefs_header;
 | 
			
		||||
    ExHeader_Header exheader_header;
 | 
			
		||||
    FileSys::NCCHContainer base_ncch;
 | 
			
		||||
    FileSys::NCCHContainer update_ncch;
 | 
			
		||||
    FileSys::NCCHContainer* overlay_ncch;
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
    std::string filepath;
 | 
			
		||||
};
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
		Loading…
	
		Reference in New Issue
	
	Block a user